Inkonzo yokuthengwa kwetshiphu yenqanaba elinye kwishishini

Okokuqala, iimveliso zamashishini zikwixesha elide eliphezulu kakhulu / lobushushu obuphantsi, ukufuma okuphezulu, inkungu yetyuwa eyomeleleyo kunye nemitha ye-electromagnetic kwindawo erhabaxa, ukusetyenziswa kwemekobume engqongqo, ngoko ke iitshiphusi zamashishini kufuneka zibenozinzo, ukuthembeka okuphezulu kunye nokhuseleko oluphezulu, kwaye ube nobomi benkonzo obude (ukuya amandla, umzekelo, kufuna izinga lokungaphumeleli kwesicelo se-chip yeshishini elingaphantsi kwesigidi esinye, iimveliso ezithile ezingundoqo zifuna "0 "izinga lokuphelelwa yisikhathi, iimfuno zobomi boyilo lwemveliso 7 * iiyure ezingama-24, iminyaka eyi-10-20 yokusebenza ngokuqhubekayo (Ngelixa izinga lokungaphumeleli kombane wabathengi bamawaka amathathu eepesenti, ubomi boyilo lweminyaka eyi-1-3). Ngoko ke, ukuyila kunye nokuveliswa kweetshiphusi zoshishino ukuqinisekisa ulawulo olungqongqo lwesivuno, efuna amakhulu ezigidi zeetshiphusi ezinomgangatho wokuqinisekisa ukuguquguquka. izakhono, kunye nezinye iimveliso zomgangatho woshishino zide zifune ukwenza inkqubo yokuvelisa ezinikeleyo.

Okwesibini, iichips zoshishino ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zesiko zeemveliso ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ngoko ke abanazo iimpawu ze-chips zabathengi ukuba baqhubele phambili kwi-universal, standardized, price-sensitive.Iichips zoshishino zihlala zizintlu ezihlukeneyo, udidi olulodwa oluncinci kodwa lunexabiso eliphezulu elongeziweyo, elifuna ukudityaniswa ngokusondeleyo kwe-R & D kunye nezicelo, ukuphanda kunye nophuhliso lweemeko zesicelo, kunye nezisombululo zefomu ngecala lesicelo, ngoko ke ukuqaliswa kwesicelo kubaluleke kakhulu. njengotshintsho lwetekhnoloji.Imarike yetshiphu yoshishino iyonke ayichatshazelwa lula kukuguquguquka kweshishini elinye.Ke ngoko, ukuguquguquka kwexabiso kukude notshintsho kwiitshiphusi zedijithali ezifana neetshiphusi zememori kunye neesekethe ezinengqondo, kwaye ukuguquguquka kwemarike kuncinci.Umenzi wetshiphu omkhulu wehlabathi we-Texas Instruments iklasi yemveliso yodidi lwemveliso ifikelela kwiintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-10,000, ingeniso yemveliso iyonke ukuya kuthi ga ngaphezulu kwama-60%, ngelixa ukukhula kwengeniso yonyaka nako kuzinzile.

Okwesithathu, imodeli ephambili yophuhliso lweenkampani ze-chip zeshishini kwimodeli ye-IDM.Ukusebenza kwe-chip ye-Industrial chip kuyahluka kakhulu, kusetyenziswa iinkqubo ezininzi ezikhethekileyo, ezifana ne-BCD (i-Biploar, i-CMOS, i-DMOS), imimandla ephezulu ye-frequency kunye ne-SiGe (i-silicon germanium) kunye ne-GaAs (i-gallium arsenide), intsebenzo eninzi kwi-self-built line line. ukubonakalisa ngcono, ngokufuthi kufuneka ulungise inkqubo kunye nokupakishwa, kunye noyilo kunye nenkqubo yobunzulu bokudibanisa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zeemeko ezikhethekileyo zesicelo soshishino.Imodeli ye-IDM inokuphucula ukusebenza kwemveliso kwaye inciphise iindleko zemveliso ngeenkqubo zokwenziwa ezilungelelanisiweyo, ngaloo ndlela ibe yimodeli yophuhliso ekhethwayo yeenkampani eziphambili zehlabathi zetshiphu.Kwingeniso yokuthengiswa kwetshiphu yemveliso yehlabathi ephantse ibe yi-48.56 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi, i-$37 yeebhiliyoni kwingeniso igalelwe ziinkampani ze-IDM, kwaye i-18 kwezona mashishini ziphezulu ezingama-20 iinkampani zetshiphu ehlabathini ziinkampani ze-IDM.

Okwesine, ukuxinwa kweemarike zeenkampani ze-chip zoshishino kuphezulu, kwaye imeko enkulu izinzileyo ixesha elide.Ngenxa yokwahlulahlulwa okugqithisileyo kwemarike yetshiphu yeshishini, amashishini amakhulu anesakhono esithile sokuhlanganisa, iinkqubo ezizinikeleyo kunye nomthamo wemveliso adla ngokuthatha isabelo esikhulu semalike, kwaye aqhubeke ekhula kwaye esomelela ngokufunyanwa kunye neenzuzo.Ukongeza, ngenxa yoshishino lwetshiphu yeshishini ngokubanzi lucotha uhlaziyo lwemveliso, okukhokelela kwiinkampani ezimbalwa ezintsha ezingena kulo mmandla, ipateni yemonopoly yeshishini iyaqhubeka isomelela.Ke ngoko, yonke ipateni yemarike ye-chip yeshishini ibonisa iimpawu "ezinkulu zihlala zinkulu, isiphumo sentengiso ye-monopoly sibalulekile".Okwangoku, iinkampani zetshiphu eziphezulu ezingama-40 zehlabathi zithatha i-80% yesabelo semarike sisonke, ngelixa i-US imarike yetshiphu yeshishini, abenzi bemveliso base-US abaphezulu abangama-20 banikele ngama-92.8% esabelo semarike.

Ubume bophuhliso lwetshiphu yeshishini laseTshayina

Ngokukhuthazwa ngamandla kwe-China yeziseko ezingundoqo ezitsha kunye ne-Intanethi yemizi-mveliso, isikali semakethi ye-chip yeshishini laseTshayina nayo iya kubona ukukhula okukhawulezayo.Ngo-2025, kulindeleke ukuba imfuno yonyaka yee-chips kwigridi yamandla ombane e-China, uthutho lukaloliwe, amandla kunye neekhemikhali, umasipala kunye nezinye iindawo zoshishino ziya kuba kufuphi ne-RMB 200 yeebhiliyoni.Ngokobungakanani bemakethi yoshishino lwetshiphu yaseTshayina ngo-2025 idlulile kuqikelelo lwetriliyoni ezi-2, imfuno yeetshiphusi zoshishino iyodwa ibalelwa kwi-10%.Phakathi kwazo, imfuno epheleleyo ye-industrial computing kunye ne-chips zokulawula, ii-chips ze-analog kunye ne-sensor zibalwa ngaphezu kwe-60%.

Ngokwahlukileyo, nangona i-China lilizwe elikhulu lezoshishino, kodwa kwikhonkco ye-chip esisiseko isemva kakhulu.Okwangoku, i-China inenani leenkampani ze-chip zeshishini, inani alikho ncam, kodwa ukuhlukana ngokubanzi, akuzange kubangele i-synergy, ukhuphiswano olubanzi lubuthathaka kunabenzi bangaphandle, kwaye iimveliso zigxile kakhulu kwimarike ephantsi.Ngokwedatha yamva nje evela kwi-IC Insights, iTaiwan's Industrial Technology International Strategy Development Institute, iinkampani ezili-10 eziphezulu zoyilo lwe-IC ngo-2019, ngokulandelelana, iHeisi, iZiguang Group, iHowe Technology, iBitmain, iZTE Microelectronics, iHuada Integrated Circuit, Nanrui Smartcore Microelectronics. , ISSI, Zhaoyi Innovation, kunye neDatang Semiconductor.Phakathi kwabo, indawo yesixhenxe iBeijing Smartcore Microelectronics, yiyo yodwa kolu luhlu lwengeniso ikakhulu evela kubenzi beetshiphu zeshishini, enye ikakhulu ziitshiphusi zabathengi ezisetyenziselwa uluntu.

Ukongezelela, kukho ukuyila kwendawo kunye nokuveliswa kwabavelisi be-industrial-grade chip ababonakali kolu luhlu, ngokukodwa kwi-sensor kunye nezixhobo zamandla, ezinye iinkampani zendawo zenze ukuphumelela.Okufana neGoer yeyona ndawo iphambili yenzwa yasekhaya, kwishishini le-electro-acoustic micro-acoustic components kunye neemveliso ze-electro-acoustic zabathengi ekuphuhliseni nasekuveliseni ukhuphiswano kakhulu.Ngokubhekiselele kwizixhobo zamandla, amashishini asekuhlaleni, amelwe yi-CNMC kunye ne-BYD, afumene iziphumo ezilungileyo kwintsimi ye-IGBT, eqonda ukutshintshwa kwe-IGBT yasekhaya yezithuthi zombane kunye nomzila wesitimela ohamba ngesantya esiphezulu.

Ngokubanzi, abavelisi be-chip basekhaya baseTshayina, iimveliso zisasebenza ikakhulu izixhobo zombane, ulawulo lweshishini lwe-MCU, abenzi boluvo, ngelixa kwezinye iindidi eziphambili zeetshiphusi zoshishino, njengemveliso ye-analog ephezulu, i-ADC, i-CPU, i-FPGA, ukugcinwa kwamashishini, njl. kusekho umsantsa omkhulu phakathi kwamashishini aseTshayina kunye nabavelisi abakhulu bamazwe ngamazwe.

Ixesha elide, ulwakhiwo kunye nophuhliso lweenkqubo zemizi-mveliso yaseTshayina zithathe indawo yokuqala ngaphezu kweetshiphusi zemizi-mveliso, kwaye iitshiphusi ezisetyenziswa kwizixhobo zoshishino zithengwa kakhulu kubavelisi abakhulu bangaphandle.Phambi kokuba kubekho ukungavisisani phakathi kwe-China ne-United States, abavelisi basekhaya banikwa amathuba ambalwa okulinga, athe athintela uphuhliso lweetshiphusi zemizi-mveliso yasekhaya kwaye yaba yingozi kuphuculo lwezakhono zokulwa umngcipheko kwimizi-mveliso yasekhaya.Iichips zemizi-mveliso zahlukile kwiitshiphusi zabathengi, ezineemfuno eziphezulu zokusebenza ngokubanzi, imijikelo ende yeR&D, uzinzo oluphezulu lwesicelo kunye nesantya esisezantsi sokutshintshwa.Emva kokuba ikhonkco lonikezelo lwetshiphu lwamazwe ngamazwe lunqunyulwe okanye luthintelwe yimiba engeyiyo eyentengiso, kunzima ukufumana indawo ebambeleyo efanelekileyo ngexesha elifutshane ngenxa yamava aphantsi orhwebo olukhulu lweetshiphusi zoshishino lwasekhaya kunye nolingo nempazamo. kunye nokuphindaphinda, ngaloo ndlela kuchaphazela ukusebenza kweenkqubo zoshishino.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwimeko yokudodobala koqoqosho lwasekhaya ngokubanzi, amashishini emveli kufuneka ahlakulele iindawo ezintsha zokukhula kwemizi-mveliso, kwaye iziseko ezitsha ezisekelwe kwiichips zoshishino zikhuthaza ukuguqulwa kunye nokuphuculwa kwamashishini amashishini, kodwa ukuba ingxaki yokuxinana kweentamo. ayisonjululwanga, iya kuchaphazela ngqo ukukhula koqoqosho olutsha lwemizi-mveliso kwaye ithintele ukuqhubela phambili okuzingileyo kwesicwangciso samandla kushishino.Ngenxa yoku, iitshiphusi zoshishino zasekhaya zaseTshayina zifuna indawo enkulu yophuhliso kunye nentengiso, engabancedisi nje kuphela uphuhliso lweshishini letshiphu lendawo, kodwa nakwindlela ephilileyo nelungileyo yokusebenza kwenkqubo yoshishino.